📖 Issues in design and control of chain connected DC to DC converters..

The main challenge of extracting the maximum power available from serially connected photovoltaic (PV) elements is the need for different bias operation currents. Generally, in order to overcome this challenge, DC-to-DC converters or micro inverters (DC-to-AC) are used to load every PV element by its maximum power point (MPP) load. Recently, an increased research effort has been invested in an alternative solution based on a differential power processing architecture. The main profit of this architecture lies in the processing of only the necessary differential power for all the PV elements MPP operation.